Where did it all begin. Devices for Permanent makeup. Anesthesia – Basic course
The inventor of the tattoo machine is considered a tattooist Samuel O'Reilly. Suddenly, Thomas Edison became an" accomplice " to the invention of the tattoo machine-based on his
an" electric pen " designed to automatically copy documents, O'Reilly created the first induction tattoo machine. This happened in 1891.
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The appearance of rotary tattoo machines is associated with progress in the production of DC motors - it is a miniature, high-speed motor that is the basis
«rotor's».Since the development of compact electric drives continues at a rapid pace, the progress in rotary machines can be called the most dynamic among all types of tattoo equipment.
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By our time, the design of tattoo machines has not undergone significant changes-improved details, changed the design and approaches in production, reduced size, but the principle of operation remained the original.
The General line of development of tattoo machines is reduced to the following principles:
- increase the security of the master and the client;
- reducing weight, noise, and vibration;
- reduction of pain.
This led to further division of machines into subspecies. The arrival of tattoo art in the cosmetology-the appearance of permanent makeup-also influenced the development of machines and their accessories. However, this does not mean that it has become more difficult to understand the abundance of tattoo industry products.
Classical induction
Induction machines are driven by attraction and repulsion of the striker by an electromagnet. The movements of the striker are transmitted to the needle, which is directly connected to it - the process has started. All induction tattoo machines have a similar design and consist of the same (but not the same!) elements'.
The frame is the basis of the structure on which all the main elements are assembled. As a rule, they are made of metal-steel, copper, various alloys. The frame is subject to very conflicting requirements - it must be strong and rigid-but, if possible, light and durable.
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Coils - the" engine " of the tattoo machine. These are typical electromagnets with steel cores. Depending on the number of layers of wire (in the tattoo industry, the layer is called a coil), there are 8-, 10-, 12-, 14- and 16-turn coils. The most common - 1 O-and 12-turn. The more turns in the coil - the more powerful the electromagnet, but the higher its mass. The most common machines with two coils, but there are models with one electromagnet. The purpose of this departure from the canons is to reduce the size and weight. The amplification of the electromagnetic field is achieved by increasing the number of turns in a single-coil and increasing the current of its power supply.
Capacitor - - radio element intended for short-term accumulation and power output. Connected in parallel to the coils, in the tattoo machine, the capacitor eliminates the spark in the contact pair when the circuit is opened.
Anchor, or striker - steel magnetic element attracted by coils. Attached to the spring that returns it. This is how the oscillatory movements necessary for the tattoo machine are created.
Springs - flat metal elastic plates. In the design of the machine, there are two of them-one attaches the anchor to the frame, the second is attached to the anchor and serves as one of the contacts. The rigidity of the springs directly affects the nature of the machine.
Tip - screw made of silver or oxygen-free copper for better conductivities. Together with one of the springs, it forms a contact pair that opens when the striker moves forward under the force of a magnetic field and closes when the striker moves back under the action of the first spring. The screw regulates the frequency and depth of punctures. The number of elements seems small - but their combination gives a huge number of different designs, which makes each model of the machine in its own unique, special. Install a different spring, put other coils - and the character of the machine will change, up to unrecognizability.
According to the set of parameters of elements, as well as settings, induction machines are divided into two large types-liners (Linear) and shaders (Shader)
Liner - contour machine. Its goal is to "hammer" the pigment into the skin as quickly as possible, without its spreading under the skin. Speed is critical to creating a contour-a thin line that separates colors or highlights the edge of a drawing. Features of the machine-liner-fewer turn in the coils, high speed, lightweight, rigid contact spring, small capacitor capacity. All this is necessary for rapid penetration under the skin and just as quickly remove the needle, so that the paint lies flat and does not blur. The frequency of operation is 120-150 Hz, the Distance between the striker and the contact spring is not more than 5 mm. The low weight makes it easy to control the machine when moving on the application of the contour, but it is forbidden to paint over the areas of the drawing-most likely, this will lead to irreparable damage not only to the drawing but also to its "canvas" - the client's skin.
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Shader - a type of machine that is used specifically for "work on areas". His field - Sacre, shadows, other "large-scale" work. Shaders are distinguished by a large number of turns in the coils, a soft contact spring, a larger capacitor capacity, and a large weight. The whole design is designed to work at lower frequencies, confident "penetration" of needles with a large number of elements, long time finding the needle in the skin. The Shader works at frequencies of 80-100 Hz, and on the background and even lower-60-80 Hz. The distance between the striker and the contact spring is up to 10 mm. These modes provide the spreading of the pigment in the subcutaneous layer and the formation of a uniform color field. Make the contour of such a machine will not work - the line will be thick and blurry.
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The induction machine is considered a kind of Canon of tattoo artists. This is a "classic of the genre". When working induction machines are very noisy and produce large vibrations, but make the process of filling the tattoo faster and less painful. Well, vibrations are something that a real master must get used to and learn to work with. The universally accepted rule is that there should be at least two inductors-Liner and Shader.
Moving on to the rotors
Rotary - a fundamentally different type of tattoo machine, which arose with the advent of small-sized and light, but powerful and agile electric motors. An eccentric is mounted on the motor shaft, which, using the crank principle, converts the rotation of the rotor into a reciprocating movement of the needle. It's as simple as that.
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Like the induction counterpart, the frame is the main supporting structure of the machine, on which all the elements are mounted. Most often for creating frames of rotary tattoo machines aluminum alloys are used, but recently strong polymers are gaining popularity.
The electric motor is the power mechanism of the rotary tattoo machine. Since the creation of a good electric motor is a kind of art, manufacturers of rotary tattoo machines prefer to use the products of companies specializing in the production of small-current electric motors.
An eccentric is a cylinder with a bearing and a displaced rod-striker fixed in it, which turns the rotational movements of the motor reciprocating.
Classic the most simple design among rotary machines-turn signal, aka
direct. In fact, it is the minimum necessary set of elements for the use of a rotary motor: the motor itself, the housing, the eccentric, and the lock. This simplicity makes po collars one of the most affordable machines in financial terms and also guarantees easy operation even for a novice master. Thus, direct is a great tattoo machine for beginners. In direct, there is no principle of transmitting motion, since the needle is attached to an eccentric that is attached directly to the rotor itself.
The ramrod differs little from the direct, but, like the induction tattoo machine, it has a striker that is driven by a connecting rod attached to a rotary engine on a spring or bearing.
The slider bearing or Cam leads to the movement of a small element, which is called the slide pin or just the slider. The return spring allows this element to slide smoothly up and down, ensuring a stable needle stroke.
The piston is much like a slider but has a more complex design. In such a machine, the rotor crank drives the piston, which moves in the guide.
So which car to choose?
It is not necessary to thoroughly study the subtleties of the device of each type of rotor to determine the choice. Enough to know that any rotor that has the principle of motion transmission is more stable, as converts rotary motion to linear motion, unlike the simple direct rotational movement which provokes lateral runout of the needle.
However, those turn signals that work with modules will also be stable, since the modular system "extinguishes" the transverse beats.
It turns out that you should choose the rotor solely based on your skills and experience.
DEVICES FOR PERMANENT MAKEUP.
"Porridge from an axe" can be cooked only in a fairy tale. Even a professional with many years of experience will not make high-quality permanent makeup at the expense of skills alone. The masterly technique of the procedure will not allow the master to become competitive when using cheap tattoo machines, low-quality pigments, and ineffective anesthesia.
Fortunately, in the beauty industry, the law works, the higher the qualification, the more demanding the master is to the choice of equipment and supplies.
A gentle effect on the delicate skin of the face in permanent makeup is achieved by using rotary type machines (in contrast to induction devices, in tattooing). The induction apparatus has the power necessary to work with the skin of the body and is completely unnecessary for the thin skin of the face, which has a more abundant surface capillary blood supply. The power of the induction tattoo machine allows it to submerge the needle deeper and, accordingly, saturate the skin more with pigment (which, by the way, consists of larger particles than the pigment for permanent makeup), to create a bright pattern, which, as a rule, on the face is completely out of place. Possible side effects of permanent makeup on induction equipment may be the growth of scar tissue and the appearance of bluish and purple spots and lines due to damage to large vessels. Often, as a result of performing the procedure on induction equipment, the color looks grayish or bluish due to deep penetration into the skin. Sometimes in the zone
penetration stops the growth of hair.
Rotary devices (with a motor) work in a forced mode on the principle of a sewing machine "up-down". The amplitude of the needle stroke is a constant value and only the frequency of the needle movement is regulated. The higher the frequency (speed), the denser and more saturated the line is obtained. High speed is used for drawing contours, and
the smaller one is for shading.
Rotary devices are divided into two types: "needle+nozzle" and modular. In a traditional device "needle+nozzle" sterile needle is independently installed by the master in a removable sterile nozzle (cap). In the modular device, the needle and cap are combined into one sterile replaceable module, which is easily fixed on the latch and changed. The master, after performing the procedure, simply removes and throws the module, without disassembling the device.l Modern professional devices are characterized by a stable amplitude of reciprocating movements of the needle and almost complete absence of lateral beating of the needle stroke.
However, the end result of a micropigmentation service always depends on a variety of criteria. We share the main one with special attention.
When performing a permanent makeup procedure, the following properties of the equipment are always essential for a specialist:
- the power of the device, that is, its ability to create a certain force at the tip of the needle;
- the frequency of the reciprocating movements of the needle in a second;
- the number of needles used at a time ( single or bundle of needles).
Power. The skin of the face has a heterogeneous density of connective tissue in different areas and due to natural factors, and as a result of life circumstances. The increased density of the skin, as a rule, makes it difficult to penetrate the needle to the desired depth, so the device, which has sufficient power, will allow the specialist to more easily overcome the resistance of the skin and ensure uniform immersion of the needle in areas of different density without pressing the needle on the skin.
Frequency of reciprocating movements (speed) - the number of reciprocating movements per second. The display of the control unit of all modern devices shows the frequency of reciprocating movements of the needle per second (for some devices-per minute). In fact, the frequency of needle movement coincides with the number of skin punctures. The required operating frequency of the needle movement is from 70 to 150 punctures per second. Higher rates require special skill from a specialist when performing a permanent makeup procedure.
The ability to adjust the operating modes in the required range (the number of frequency modes), which allows you to work on complex skin and take into account the specific features of the skin of each client, is closely related to the indicator of the frequency of the needle movement. To get high results in each case, you need an individual combination of a number of parameters: the mode of the frequency of needle movement, speed of needle movement along the skin surface, skin tension, configuration
Needles, ETC.
The number of needles used at a time (single or bundle of needles). The number of needles that the master uses during a particular part of the procedure is determined by the set of the above parameters. As a rule, each specialist subjectively chooses a configuration of needles to achieve certain goals. Nevertheless, there are devices on the market that provide for the use of only single needles, and in this case, the specialist operates with other parameters during the procedure.
Needles for permanent makeup can have a variety of configurations. The configuration is the number and shape of the needles (tips) soldered to the main needle. A larger number of needles soldered to the rod provides greater hiding power. The larger the area of the" imprint " of the needle, the greater the resistance to the needle has the skin. The smallest hiding power and the deepest penetration into the skin have a single-channel needle. The largest hiding power and the least deep penetration into the skin have a "multi-channel Magnum".
Modern needles for permanent makeup have a special sharpening "under the bullet" and final polishing. This allows you to most accurately enter the pigment, minimally injure the tissue.
Possible configurations of needles:
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ANESTHESIA.
Permanent makeup is a painful procedure, unlike tattoos. Hypersensitivity of the facial skin is caused by the accumulation of reflex zones located around vital organ therefore, the procedure of permanent makeup is carried out with the use of anesthesia.
Anesthesia ( from the Greek. insensitivity) is a reversible loss of tissue sensitivity, primarily pain, caused by the influence of various chemical and physical factors. At present, a significant number of anesthetics belonging to various chemical compounds are known. Their main characteristics are efficiency (strength of action) and toxicity.
Medical methods of analgesia are 1.
local anesthesia
- application (surface) anesthesia
- injection anesthesia (infiltration and conduction anesthesia)
- General anesthesia (anesthesia)
Surface or application (from lat. applicatio-application) is technically the simplest method of local anesthesia of tissues. A feature of surface anesthesia is that the impregnation of tissues with local anesthetic is carried out from the surface layers, which are applied to the local anesthetic. For this purpose, various dosage forms of anesthetics (solutions, ointments, gels or aerosols) containing local anesthetics in high concentrations are used. Applied with a cotton swab, local anesthetics due to high concentration quickly penetrate the surface of the mucous or skin tissue to a depth of several (2-3) millimeters and cause blockage of receptors and peripheral nerve fibers. The anesthetic effect develops within a few minutes and lasts up to several tens of minutes.
For pain relief during the procedure of permanent makeup is used exclusively! application anesthesia. For this purpose, ointments and solutions with an anesthetic effect are used, which are applied to the affected area before and during the procedure of permanent makeup.
Before the advent of funds specifically designed for pain relief in permanent makeup, masters often used "Lidocaine-aerosol". This drug did not give sufficient anesthesia, and it worked only on already damaged skin and had some side effects, such as severe swelling and allergies. There were even cases of corneal burns in the eye area. Aqueous solution
"Lidocaine" 2% worked a little softer but gave a very short-term effect.
The practice has shown that popular anesthetic cream "EMLA", often used for anesthesia in the procedure of mesotherapy is only in the eyebrow zone and good in the eye area, but a very short time (about 15 minutes). In the area of the lips, the EMLA cream does not give sufficient analgesic effect and "tans" the skin.
Lips are the most painful area in permanent makeup. At one time, due to the lack of funds for surface anesthesia, some masters preferred to use injectable anesthesia on the lips, similar to anesthesia in dentistry. Today, there is a sufficient number of drugs for effective surface anesthesia of the lips. But due to the lack of awareness about the new products of the industry, some masters continue to use the injectable type of anesthesia, forgetting about its possible serious complications, such as anaphylactic shock, etc. Injectable drugs used for local anesthesia (articaine, ultracaine, septanest, ubistesin) have many side effects. Local anesthetics are powerful vasodilators, causing severe edema in the tissues surrounding the injection site. Performing high-quality micropigmentation in such conditions is virtually impossible because of the active blood flow with subsequent leaching of the pigment. The procedure is significantly delayed in time, active reparative processes in some areas are interrupted due to the resumption of work, the depth of pigmentation is not controllable, resulting in severe skin trauma.
In addition, local anesthetics can give systemic complications such as headaches, nausea, hemodynamic changes, manifested in a decrease in blood pressure, tachycardia and bradycardia, which, in extreme cases, can lead to collapse and cardiac arrest.
The main advantage of surface anesthesia over injection is that there is no risk of severe allergic reactions, often dangerous to the life of the client. The use of surface anesthesia gives less pronounced edema than with the injection method of anesthesia. The absence of pronounced edema facilitates the work of the master, reduces injuries during the procedure, and therefore contributes to faster healing.
It is safe to say that modern drugs for surface anesthesia, the strength of the analgesic effect-are equivalent, and sometimes are more effective than the means for injection. The duration of action of drugs for surface anesthesia is achieved due to the presence in their composition of epinephrine (epinephrine). Adrenaline, causing narrowing of blood vessels at the injection site, slows down the absorption of the anesthetic substance and lengthens (prolongs) its effect.